A TEXT BOOK OF BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING SURVEYING 2023 Part-1

    BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING SURVEYING

(CIVIL - 104)FOR

D.A.E CIVIL TECHNOLOGY FIRST YEAR
APPROVED BY TEVTA PUNJAB .

• PREFACE
• The aim of this Text Book of Surveying is to present the subject in
• such a lucid manner that students with a weak background of mathematics,
• are able to follow the matter easily. Surveying techniques and computation of
• field measurements have been presented in a simple manner as possible. To
• make a clear understanding, there are numerous examples and illustrations
• with description etc.
• Since surveying mainly deals with positioning and its measurements, a
• clear understanding of coordinates, linear and angular measurements are
• essential. Therefore, these fundamentals have been described in great details.
• Surveying techniques have been greatly affected by the computerization of all
• measuring instruments. But the basic surveying methods and techniques are
• still having the importance. For example, measurements with steel tape has
• largely been replaced by electronics measurement, however, steel tape
• measurement still are performed in many surveying and layout works.
• The surveying skills cannot be obtained merely from a text book. It is
• essential that students do a lot of field work and practice work. The authors
• have brought out this book with the hope that it will stimulate enthusiasm
• among students, teachers and all others who are interested in the field of
• surveying.
• This book covers the syllabus prescribed by “Punjab Boards of
• Technical Education” Lahore. (Pakistan). We tried our best to make it easy
• English Language and useful for students.
• We are thankful to Engr. Syed Waqar Ud Din Manager Curriculum,
• Engr. Abdul Wasay General Manager (ACAD) and worthy Chairperson
• “TEVTA” showing keen interest for availability of technical books for D.A.E.
• students.
• Though every effort has been made to bring the matter in a simple
• manner, still some shortcomings as well as error might have crept in, the
• authors shall be highly thankful if these are pointed out. Valuable suggestions
• for the improvement in the book will be highly appreciated. 
• 
  

TABLE OF CONTENT
Ch.
 Name of Chapter Page
1 Fundamental of Surveying 4
2 Compass Traversing 55
3 Plane Table Surveying 1054 Levelling 128
5 Contouring 202
6 Tacheometry 222
7 Hydrographic Surveying 239
8 Computation of Area and Volume 263

In this blog w'll discuss 1st chapter of surveying.

•Fundamental of surveying 4:

CHAPTER # 1
FUNDAMENTAL OF SURVEYING
1.1 SURVEYING
Surveying is the science of determining or establishing the relative
positions of points on, above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of
direct and indirect measurements of distances, directions, and elevations.
Surveying also includes the art of establishing points by predetermined
angular and linear measurements which is applied for setting out
(layout) the civil engineering projects such as road, railway, sewer, housing
schemes and buildings etc.
The plan or map is the graphical representation of relative position of
ground points or features of earth (nature & artificial) on horizontal plane
reduced to a suitable scale.
Large scale representation of small area in engineering surveying is
called plans, whereas small scale representation of large area is called maps.
When relative altitude (elevation) of points or feature on the earth are
depicted on map by contour line, hachures or spot level etc. it is called a
topographic map. The altitude (elevation) of ground features are also
represented by means of vertical sections i.e. profile and cross sections.
These plans or maps are used to establish boundaries of the land,
measurement of area& volume and selection of suitable site for engineering
projects.
1.2 BASIC DEFINITIONS:
1- Earth Surface:
The earth is not a true sphere and is slightly flattened at the poles. Any
section of the earth parallel to the equator is a circle and any of its section
parallel through the poles is an ellipse. Such a figure may be generated by
revolving about its minor axis and is called an ablate spheroid.
In fact, no geometrical solid represents the true shape of the earth.
However, for all measurement purpose in surveying, the irregularities of the
earth’s surface, as discussed above may be assumed to be absent and the
resultant surface be considered a spheroid. The earth is also recognized by
new name geoids.

2-   Level surface:
A surface parallel to mean spheroid surface of earth is called level
surface. It is a curved surface, every point on which is equidistant from the
center of earth and every surface element is normal to the plumb line or line
of gravity. The water surface of a still lake considered to be a level surface.

                            Fig.1.1 Level Surface

3-   Horizontal Plane:
A plane which is tangential to mean level surface of earth at every
point is known as horizontal plane. The level surface is curved while
horizontal surface is straight. It’s perpendicular to the plumb line.
4-    Vertical line:
The direction indicated by a plumb line (direction of gravity) is known
as vertical line. This line is perpendicular to the horizontal line.
5-   Meridians:
A line on the mean surface of earth joining the north and south poles is
called meridian. All lines of longitude are meridian.
6-   True Meridians:
A line passing through geographical north and south poles and any
point on the surface of earth is known as geographical meridian or the true
meridian. The direction of true meridian at a station is constant, i.e. its
direction is always the same. The true meridians (geographical meridians)
through different station on the earth’s surface are not parallel, but converge
at the poles. The determination of true meridian through a station involves
astronomical observations.

• Part 2 we will upload soon.

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