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A TEXT BOOK OF BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING SURVEYING PART2
BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING SURVEYING Part 2
7- Magnetic Meridian:
It is the direction indicated by a freely suspended and balanced
magnetic needle as in a compass, unaffected by local attractive forces. The
magnetic meridians vary with time and location.
8- Azimuths:
An azimuth is the direction of a line as given by an angle measured
clockwise from north end of a meridian. Azimuth range in magnitude from 0o
to 360o
.
9- Bearing:
A bearing is the direction of a line, measured clockwise or
anticlockwise from the north or south end of the meridian. It is always
accompanied by letters that state the quadrant in which the line falls(NE, NW,
SE, SW).
Fig.1.1 Azimuth and Bearing
10- Geographic Reference: (Geographic Coordinates)
The surveying involves in measuring the location of physical
land features relative to one another and relative to the defined reference on
the surface of the earth. The earth’s reference system is composed of the
surface divisions donated by geographic line of Latitude and longitude.
Latitude: The imaginary line circles the earth sphere (globe) at equal
distances from the equator and parallel to it are called line of latitude.
They are used to measure direction of a place on the earth north or south of
the equator. The latitude measures the direction of a place on earth surface, in
degree, at the earth’s center, from the equatorial plane (See figure 1.4). The
equator is at 0o
latitude. The latitude angle is measured 90o max.
Longitude: The imaginary lines that make half circle around the earth sphere
(globe) and meet the geographical north and south poles are called line
meridians or line of longitude.
They are used to measure direction of a place on earth surface, in
degree, at the earth center, east or west from 0o longitude. The 0o longitude is
placed through Greenwich England and called Prime meridian.
The coordinates of a place on the surface of earth are represented as P
(Latitude, Longitude).For example: coordinates of Lahore are as (31.35N,
74.19 E)
The system of geographic coordinates is much used in navigation and
geodesy it is not used in plane surveying.
11- Grid Reference system: (Grid Coordinates)
The states adopted grid system of parallel horizontal and vertical lines.
Which are usually referred to the central meridian of the country and to the
equator so that one common datum for X and Y coordinates in horizontal
plane can be established.
In grid system the meridian of various stations (points) is considered
as parallel (contrary to the fact that they are converge to meet at poles) but the
grid size is limited so that no serious error will accumulate when the curvature
is ignored.
In grid coordinate system the location of a place is represents as
Northing (Y-coordinate) and Easting (X-Coordinate) from the origin of grid
reference. For example; the grid coordinates of a location P are as under;
𝑃 (
𝑁 = 156785𝑚
𝐸 = 25156𝑚
)
12- Vertical Reference: (Datum)
In additions to determining the locations of land features, the
surveying process also demands the altitude (elevation) of that land feature
relative to one another and relative to a reference datum.
distances from the equator and parallel to it are called line of latitude.
They are used to measure direction of a place on the earth north or south of
the equator. The latitude measures the direction of a place on earth surface, in
degree, at the earth’s center, from the equatorial plane (See figure 1.4). The
equator is at 0o
latitude. The latitude angle is measured 90o max.
Longitude: The imaginary lines that make half circle around the earth sphere
(globe) and meet the geographical north and south poles are called line
meridians or line of longitude.
They are used to measure direction of a place on earth surface, in
degree, at the earth center, east or west from 0o longitude. The 0o longitude is
placed through Greenwich England and called Prime meridian.
The coordinates of a place on the surface of earth are represented as P
(Latitude, Longitude).For example: coordinates of Lahore are as (31.35N,
74.19 E)
The system of geographic coordinates is much used in navigation and
geodesy it is not used in plane surveying.
11- Grid Reference system: (Grid Coordinates)
The states adopted grid system of parallel horizontal and vertical lines.
Which are usually referred to the central meridian of the country and to the
equator so that one common datum for X and Y coordinates in horizontal
plane can be established.
In grid system the meridian of various stations (points) is considered
as parallel (contrary to the fact that they are converge to meet at poles) but the
grid size is limited so that no serious error will accumulate when the curvature
is ignored.
In grid coordinate system the location of a place is represents as
Northing (Y-coordinate) and Easting (X-Coordinate) from the origin of grid
reference. For example; the grid coordinates of a location P are as under;
𝑃 (
𝑁 = 156785𝑚
𝐸 = 25156𝑚
)
12- Vertical Reference: (Datum)
In additions to determining the locations of land features, the
surveying process also demands the altitude (elevation) of that land feature
relative to one another and relative to a reference datum.
A TEXT BOOK OF BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING SURVEYING 2023 Part-1
BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING SURVEYING
(CIVIL - 104)FOR
D.A.E CIVIL TECHNOLOGY FIRST YEARAPPROVED BY TEVTA PUNJAB .
- PREFACE
- The aim of this Text Book of Surveying is to present the subject in
- such a lucid manner that students with a weak background of mathematics,
- are able to follow the matter easily. Surveying techniques and computation of
- field measurements have been presented in a simple manner as possible. To
- make a clear understanding, there are numerous examples and illustrations
- with description etc.
- Since surveying mainly deals with positioning and its measurements, a
- clear understanding of coordinates, linear and angular measurements are
- essential. Therefore, these fundamentals have been described in great details.
- Surveying techniques have been greatly affected by the computerization of all
- measuring instruments. But the basic surveying methods and techniques are
- still having the importance. For example, measurements with steel tape has
- largely been replaced by electronics measurement, however, steel tape
- measurement still are performed in many surveying and layout works.
- The surveying skills cannot be obtained merely from a text book. It is
- essential that students do a lot of field work and practice work. The authors
- have brought out this book with the hope that it will stimulate enthusiasm
- among students, teachers and all others who are interested in the field of
- surveying.
- This book covers the syllabus prescribed by “Punjab Boards of
- Technical Education” Lahore. (Pakistan). We tried our best to make it easy
- English Language and useful for students.
- We are thankful to Engr. Syed Waqar Ud Din Manager Curriculum,
- Engr. Abdul Wasay General Manager (ACAD) and worthy Chairperson
- “TEVTA” showing keen interest for availability of technical books for D.A.E.
- students.
- Though every effort has been made to bring the matter in a simple
- manner, still some shortcomings as well as error might have crept in, the
- authors shall be highly thankful if these are pointed out. Valuable suggestions
-
for the improvement in the book will be highly appreciated.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Ch.
Name of Chapter Page
Ch.
Name of Chapter Page
5 Marla house construction cost in lahore 2022
5 MARLA HOUSE CONSTRUCTION COST IN LAHORE 2022 FULL FURNISHED
Although the price of a brick is currently 16 Rupees, 54,000 bricks are needed to build one 5 Marla house. This pricing and quantity result in a total cost of 864,000 Pakistani rupees for the bricks. Keep in mind that this is just an estimate and that prices can change depending on the neighbourhood. Everyone's ambition is to own their own home since it gives them a sense of security and comfort. When deciding how much money to set aside to build a house, what the cost of construction will be, how to build their house, whether to hire a function where to get less expensive raw materials, etc., people frequently encounter numerous challenges and questions.
5 Marla house construction
As the people can't manage the cost of the greater houses, then, at that point, 5 Marla houses are effectively reasonable by individuals and financial backers. In the event that you are likewise wanting to construct a 5 Marla house with no related knowledge then this blog will your lead light.
5Marla house totall estimate in lahore 2022
This article will be your guide to construct a 5 Marla House what will be the 5 Marla House construction cost and will answer all your questions about the 5 Marla House construction cost.
Covered area:
The development is finished on the covered region on the plot. By and large and most generally the covered region for a twofold story 5 Marla house is 1,975 sq. ft. The ground floor ordinarily has a covered area of 910 sq. ft. while the main floor has a covered area of 890 sq. ft. The subsequent floor has a covered area of 175 sq. ft. The house has two kitchens one on each floor, three rooms with joined washrooms, television Parlor and Drawing room on ground floor, and a mumty.
Start from the base:
Bricks, Cement, Kassu, sand, bajri, safety grills, wood, rebar aluminum, etc. are used for an average 5 Marla House construction. Electrical wiring, plumbing and the installation of the main gate and doors are the part of grey structure of the house. Investors or residents are liable to pay these costs in both cases, either in grey structure or house construction form the start. The quantity of the materials for the 5 Marla House construction is as given below
5 marla grey structure cost
Luxury Bedroom Design: Inspiration and Tips
DESIGNE BY F&H STUDIO
MORE. COMFORTABLE MORE PRIMIUM
ADVANCE BEDROOM LUXURY DESIGNE PRESENT FOR YOU
We offer many different types of design,
Luxury bedroom designes more convinient
Are you tired of searching for the best bedroom design that you can use for your house? Do you have a specific style in mind, but not sure where to start? We will provide you with the best ideas for your next project.
We offer many different types of design, including country, contemporary, and modern. You can even find a style that suits your personality. Our designers are able to create custom designs that match any budget. If you have an idea for a new look for your bedroom or home office, we can help you make it reality.
Luxury lifestyle its an beautifull opportunity for your living style
Luxury bedroom designes more convinient
A luxurious bedroom is one that you want to call your own. It's the room where you can relax and unwind, get all your beauty sleep, or just hang out with friends. You want a space that feels special, and we've got some of the best ideas for how to make yours.
First, consider color. You'll want to pick colors that feel relaxing and calming—not too loud or bright! Choose shades like beige and cream for a soft look that won't overstimulate your senses. If you're looking for something darker and more dramatic, try black or brown; they work well in any space!
Next, think about furniture placement: do you want everything within easy reach? Or do you prefer having a little bit of space between pieces so they don't look so close together? If you have trouble deciding where things should go, think about whether there are any doors or windows in your room—if so, this will help guide where everything goes!
Finally, consider lighting: what kind of mood do you want your room to have? Do you
If you're looking for a cozy spot to unwind, our luxury bedroom designs are the way to go. With large windows that offer stunning views of the city, you'll feel like you're sleeping in a hotel room.
In addition to these luxurious beds and comfy pillows, we also have a variety of other furnishings and décor options. Whether you want to add more modern touches like a sleek headboard or antique dressers, or if you just want to keep things simple and classic, we've got what you need!
A luxurious bedroom is the perfect place to unwind after a long day
A simple yet stylish bed frame, your favorite comforter, and some pillows will do the trick. But there are many other things that you can add to your bedroom for an even better experience
For example, if you have a spare room in your home or apartment that isn't used often it could be converted into a luxurious guest bedroom! You can also just make some changes to the décor of your bedroom itself. For example, if you don't like how dark everything looks in your room try putting some light-colored furniture pieces in there or adding some light bulbs above the bed so that it's easier to see when you're lying down at night
Feel free to contact
Designe by f&h designe studio
AUTHOR : RIZWAN KHAN
LUXURY BEDROOM DESIGNES 2022
If your abode presents more space than you know what to do with, consider yourself very lucky. And then start thinking about ideas on how to fill that bare space not only with furnishings and accessories, but also style, practicality and purpose.
If color psychology is anything to go by (and it is), then our surroundings affect us much more than we think. Especially when it comes to color and the fact that different tones have the ability to incite different thoughts and emotions
Nobody said that styling a bedroom was easy. Sure it can be fun, like figuring out what color to splash on the walls. But remember that the end result needs to enhance calmness and be a space where you actually want to spend time
Time & again, home professionals have vouched for the fact that even with the best of architectural design, a small room is always a challenge to decorate. And if the room is square shaped, it becomes even trickier considering that symmetry has a…
DESIGNE BY F&H STUDIO
CREATED BY : RIZWAN KHAN
0302-2222380
FOR ANY TYOE OF QUERRY
LATEST CEILING DESIGNES
Earlier, false ceilings were usually made of gypsum boards, but these days, it is easy to have false ceilings that are not only functional, but also decorative. From wood to glass and fibre to plastic, just about any material can be used for the purpose. They can host sprinklers for fire emergencies or to insert lights, providing a smooth, organised surface, rather than hanging tube-lights and bulbs.
Radeesh Shetty, founder, The Purple Turtles, suggests, “Ceilings are one of the most important elements of your home as they offer the maximum unobstructed view of any interior space. Therefore, a big advantage of installing false ceilings is that instead of putting one or more tube lights inside your room, you get to use high quality LED lights that consume less energy and last many years. You can fit LED lights inside your false ceiling in different corners of your home and use as much light as you need.”
False ceilings are also used for thermal insulation. The air-filled gap between the two layers of ceilings cools the room down. False ceilings are suspended a few inches below the basic ceiling on a metal framework which can be made of any lightweight construction material like wood, plaster of Paris, plywood, or gypsum, depending upon the budget or the requirement. Since there is a gap between these two layers, the air within gets trapped. Air, being a bad conductor of heat, does not allow the heat to flow into the room. This, in turn, helps reduce electricity bills.
Many of us are not aware that false ceilings also help with better optimisation of air conditioning. They reduce space in ceilings, thereby increasing air conditioning performance. Explains Vishwajeet Jhavar, founder and CEO of Marvel Realtors, “For instance, let’s assume your office is 10 x 10 sq feet big room. If your false ceiling is one feet below actual ceiling, it will cut down at least 10 x 10 x 10 cubic space, saving on your energy bill.”
While false ceilings are useful, there are quite a few challenges to overcome while installing them:
*The shape of building, especially if there is an irregular beam bottom, may not be conducive for false ceilings.
* If there is a leakage in the building, it may also affect the false ceilings.
* False ceilings take a lot of time to dry and can cause delays in the project.
* Installation of false ceiling requires expertise and precision.
If not executed properly, the surface can be uneven and after painting, the finishing may not be up to the mark, and may eventually add to the project costs to set it right.
* The room has to have enough height (at least 11 feet or more) to accommodate a false ceiling.
Home
False ceilings, real benefits
They can conceal wiring, while being energy efficient. They can be decorative, while being air regulators. They can be functional, and pretty at the same time. False ceilings are essentially used for concealing wires, sound proofing, fire safety, energy efficiency and to help in moisture and sag resistance.
Earlier, false ceilings were usually made of gypsum boards, but these days, it is easy to have false ceilings that are not only functional, but also decorative. From wood to glass and fibre to plastic, just about any material can be used for the purpose. They can host sprinklers for fire emergencies or to insert lights, providing a smooth, organised surface, rather than hanging tube-lights and bulbs.
Radeesh Shetty, founder, The Purple Turtles, suggests, “Ceilings are one of the most important elements of your home as they offer the maximum unobstructed view of any interior space. Therefore, a big advantage of installing false ceilings is that instead of putting one or more tube lights inside your room, you get to use high quality LED lights that consume less energy and last many years. You can fit LED lights inside your false ceiling in different corners of your home and use as much light as you need.”
False ceilings are also used for thermal insulation. The air-filled gap between the two layers of ceilings cools the room down. False ceilings are suspended a few inches below the basic ceiling on a metal framework which can be made of any lightweight construction material like wood, plaster of Paris, plywood, or gypsum, depending upon the budget or the requirement. Since there is a gap between these two layers, the air within gets trapped. Air, being a bad conductor of heat, does not allow the heat to flow into the room. This, in turn, helps reduce electricity bills.
Many of us are not aware that false ceilings also help with better optimisation of air conditioning. They reduce space in ceilings, thereby increasing air conditioning performance. Explains Vishwajeet Jhavar, founder and CEO of Marvel Realtors, “For instance, let’s assume your office is 10 x 10 sq feet big room. If your false ceiling is one feet below actual ceiling, it will cut down at least 10 x 10 x 10 cubic space, saving on your energy bill.”
While false ceilings are useful, there are quite a few challenges to overcome while installing them:
*The shape of building, especially if there is an irregular beam bottom, may not be conducive for false ceilings.
* If there is a leakage in the building, it may also affect the false ceilings.
* False ceilings take a lot of time to dry and can cause delays in the project.
* Installation of false ceiling requires expertise and precision.
If not executed properly, the surface can be uneven and after painting, the finishing may not be up to the mark, and may eventually add to the project costs to set it right.
* The room has to have enough height (at least 11 feet or more) to accommodate a false ceiling.
* Selection of the composition for the ceiling is important as it depends on the location. A living room and a toilet cannot have the same material as there will be dampness in the toilet and not in the living room. Similarly, kitchen ceiling is also not the same as there is heat, smoke and dampness involved.
* Maintenance work must be done periodically. While cleaning, maintaining or repairing the ceilings, one needs to ensure that ceiling alignment is maintained.
There are several kinds of false ceilings these days. Here are some of the trendiest ones:
* The most popular kind is the pop false ceiling where framing is done on the existing ceiling channel, on which an iron mesh is installed, over which plaster of Paris treatment is done. To make it look more glamorous, you could either have wallpaper pasted on the false ceiling, or treat the plaster of Paris with textured paint.
* Wooden planks can be installed on the existing ceiling or wooden veneer can be pasted on plyboards installed in the true ceiling. To enhance the lighting, coves or a drop in the ceiling, with wooden planks, can be made.
* Amardeep Gulri, principal designer and founder, Deco-Arte, suggests going for back-lit glass ceilings and fabric ceilings that can make your living space extraordinary and chic.
Once you overcome the initial challenges of installing a false ceiling, it can be a creative way to improve the attractiveness of the ceiling. A combination of false ceiling design, lighting and colour can transform an entire room.
* Cove lighting enhances the ceiling. Concealed down-lighters brighten the space, and coves that adorn the walls enhance the elegance of the room.
* You may try dimmer lightings along with the regular ones, to have ambient lighting for different moods and occasions.
* A dramatic look can be achieved by incorporating multiple-levels ceilings, with coves, and by also using multiple materials, such as wood, pop, mirrors, glass metallic tiles and fabric, in ceiling designs.
* Colours of the ceilings should not be dark as lot of colours can disturb the concentration for the home. Interior designer Punam Kalra suggests that one should choose light colours, such as white, beige, light blue, for ceilings, depending on the colour scheme of the rest of the house.
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